Usually managed by the user's hardware, abbreviated dialling is the simple application of a shortened number (or code) which may be used instead of dialling an entire number.  Speed dialling is the most common example of abbreviated dialling.

Merged entity, see ACMA.  (Not to be confused with the ACA - Australian Consumers' Association.)

CHOICE is a not-for-profit organisation which researches products and services on behalf of consumers in Australia.  They are the largest consumer organisation in Australia.

The ACCC is an independent body which provides general consumer protection and competition regulation across all industries.  It administers the Trade Practices Act.  The ACCC also regulates competition in the telecommunications industry through administration of the Telecommunications Access Regime (the ability to choose alternate providers of telecommunications services) and regulation of anti-competitive conduct.

The provision of a basic mobile or landline telephone service or other type of telecommunications service.

Also called SIM or 'Subscriber Identity Module' card. Provided by your mobile company to enable your mobile handset access to their network.

Monthly charge from a service provider for provision of that service.  Call charges are additional to this charge.  Also may be referred to as a Service Fee or Connection Fee.  Distinct from a Connection Charge, this is the charge for connection of an individual call.

The length of time a customer has access to a network, usually under a contract with the service provider.

A not-for-profit organisation dedicated to ensuring that those who are deaf or have a hearing, speech or communication impairment, can obtain access to the telephone and other telecommunication networks.

The Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) is responsible for the regulation of broadcasting, radio communications, telecommunications and online content.  Incorporates the former ABA (Australian Broadcasting Authority) and ACA (Australian Communications Authority).

Configuration of a mobile phone handset and associated account to allow use on a selected mobile network.

A once-off start-up fee payable when a mobile service is first connected to a mobile network.  Also called Connection Fee.

A technology for the delivery of digital data over existing copper telephone lines (twisted-pair copper subscriber lines).  Voice traffic may be carried over the line simultaneously through use of a filter.  The data rate is asymmetric (non-symmetric), with download rates exceeding upload rates.  For example:  a 1500/256 kbps ADSL connection would have download rates of up to 1500 kbps and upload rates of only 256 kbps.  See also xDSL.  See also SHDSL.  See also ADSL2+.

A technology for the delivery of faster ADSL.  Exchanges must be ADSL2+ enabled.  Speeds available start at 24000/3000 kbps and reduce with distance from the exchange, hardware used, quality of the copper pair used, etc.

A representative who acts on behalf of other persons or organisations.  Or, a businessman who buys or sells for another in exchange for a commission.  In Australian telecommunications an agent is typically a person or company who has a contractual agreement with a Service Provider, whereby they will obtain commission or similar for bringing new customers to that provider.

Member organisation formed to represent the ICT (Information and Communication Technology) sector in Australia.  The AIIA has almost 500 member companies employing 100,000 Australians.

The amount of time you spend on your mobile. Some people call this "Talk Time,"(although this has another meaning - see below) even though it includes the time you spend listening, pretending to listen and saying "uh-huh" politely.

An alarm feature which can be set for a specific time and date or can used as a daily alarm. If the phone has a calendar feature, the alarm feature may be integrated with that (in some Motorola phones for example), so an alarm is simply a calendar event. Although some phones with a calendar feature also have a separate alarm feature.

A display capable of containing letters and numbers, but not graphics.

The AMPS network in Australia was the first mobile phone network.  This network was subsequently replaced by digital networks, such as GSM, and is no longer operational.  Security and capacity were limiting factors of the AMPS network.  The AMPS network is sometimes referred to as the 1G Mobile network; where 1G indicates 'First Generation'.

AMTA is an industry body representing and promoting the interests of organisations involved in the supply and provision of mobile telecommunications services and products.  Members include: mobile phone carriers and service providers, handset manufacturers, retail outlets and associated business such as those that provide network equipment and specialised consultancy services.

The technology originally used to transmit radio (including mobile phone) and TV communications.  Superseded in many communications areas today.  Digital communications are now being used in mobile telephony and TV delivery is broadcast using both analog and digital methods.

Transmission of the calling party's number to the called party.  Used for Caller ID, and forms part of the CLI information.

Mobile handset feature which alters power usage in the handset according to usage needs.  The aim of APC is to increase number of available battery hours.

Prefix added to a phone number to denote the location of that number.  In Australia, interstate calling often requires an STD area code.  Follow this link for a list of all Australian area code an prefixes.

High bandwidth, high speed (up to 155 Mbps), controlled-delay, fixed-size packet switching and transmission system for voice, video, and data.  Due to the nature of its dedicated connection, ATM has become a more expensive alternative to other digital data transfer systems.

A not-for-profit membership-based organisation of Australian telecommunications users.  ATUG states their aims as working for better choice, value and services in the telecommunications sector.  ATUG has lobbied for the de-regulation of the telecommunications industry, mobile number portability, broadband access and pricing, regional services and best practice procurement.  An organisation that provides assistance, advice and information to members to optimise their communications capabilities and costs, and to act as their voice to government, regulators and carriers.

Delivery of calls to a user through an alternate network (while that user is out of range from their pre-selected network).  Roaming is the common term.

Commercial term meaning Business-to-Business commerce, as distinct from Business-to-Consumer or Retail Business.

The electronic 'spine' of a telecommunications network which joins slower and dispersed network elements.  A common telecommunications backbone in Australia carries network traffic between Melbourne and Sydney and is a private, managed network.  Telstra, Optus and AAPT all have such networks.

The account number attached to a service(s).  Most often a customer will only have a single BAN from a service provider.  However, customers may elect to have several BANs; to designate between sites, for example.

The amount of data that can be sent over a network connection in a fixed period of time.  Bandwidth is measured in units of bits per second (bps), kilobits per second (kbps), or megabits per second (mps).  For example: Dial-up connections (considered 'slow') often transmit at 28 or 56 kbps; ADSL connections (considered 'medium-pace') have a range of connection speeds, 512 kbps is a common speed; ADSL2+ (considered 'fast') has speeds of up to 24 Mbps (that is 24,000 kbps).  Higher bandwidth connections are more suited to carrying video data.

Radio transceiver that sends and receives mobile phone signals.  In the US and Canada, the area covered by such a transceiver is a Cell - hence the term Cell Phones.
A carrier's coverage area is the geographical area covered by multiple Base Stations.

The expected duration for which a battery can last while the handset is in standby mode (eg. switched-on, but not in use).

The postal address for a telecommunications services account.  The billing address may differ to the physical address of the services.

Blocks of time, usually 1 second or 30 second blocks, which are used by a service provider to calculate the cost of a call.
Example:  If a mobile phone plan states that calls are billed per 30 seconds, then calls lasting 3 sec, 14 sec and 30 sec will all be billed the same; as one 30 second billing increment.  However, a 31 sec call will be billed as two billing increments.
Example:  If a mobile phone deal states that calls are to be billed in 1 second increments, then all calls are billed per second.  Typically, billing in 1 sec increments will be approximately 3.5% cheaper than billing in 30 second increments.

1 Second (or Per Second) Billing Increments
Call costs are calculated (in part, at least) using the number of seconds, multiplied by the billing rate.   Per second billing increment phone plans typically save approximately 3.5% more than a 30 sec billing increment plan.
 
30 Second Billing Increments
Call costs are calculated (in part, at least) by finding the number of billing increments used (in this case 30 seconds), and multiplying by the billing rate per increment.
For example: 30 second billing increment phone plans will charge the same amount for call durations 6 sec, 14 sec, and 30 sec.  They will also charge the same for calls which are 31 sec, 44 sec and 60 seconds.

The BlackBerry is a handheld wireless device providing e-mail, telephone, text messaging and web browsing and other wireless data access.  In Australia, BlackBerry operates mostly on the GPRS network.  However, BlackBerry will begin operating at higher speeds as networks are upgraded.

Call blocking is a feature which may be requested from a provider.  Typically, call blocking may be used to block the connection of nuisance calls.

A radio technology standard created for wireless transmission of signals over short distances between electronic devices.  Transfer speeds are up to 720kbit/sec and do not require line-of-sight.  Industry standard developed by Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia and Toshiba; with later inputs by 3Com, Lucent Technologies, Microsoft and Motorola.  It is named after Harold Bluetooth, who united Scandinavian Europe in the 10th century, ending many years of war.

A measure of data transmission speed.  bps is literally the 'bits per second' which may be transferred over a network connection.  For example: Dial-up connections (considered 'slow') often transmit at 28 or 56 kbps; ADSL connections (considered 'medium-pace') have a range of connection speeds, 512 kbps is a common speed; ADSL2+ (considered 'fast') has speeds of up to 24 Mbps (that is 24,000 kbps).  Higher bandwidth connections are more suited to carrying video data.
Bits is a combination of the words 'binary' and 'digit.'  Each bit is assigned a digital 1 or a 0, and eight bits make up a byte.

Also called ISDN2, this is a conversion of a single copper pair into two 64 kbps 'B' channels which may be used for voice or data.  There is an additional 16kbps 'D' data signal channel created also.
ISDN2 is often used in regional areas for internet connections; either as the landline component of a satellite broadband connection or as a dial-up internet connection.

Broadband internet offers connection speeds far in excess of the capabilities of dial-up connection.
Technically, broadband is a term describing multiple channels of data over a single communication medium.
Broadband has the capacity to deliver to consumers a broad range of integrated services such as voice, high-speed data, text and graphics, video and interactive services.   There are many different types of broadband connection available, and they suit different kinds of users. ADSL - may be suitable if you have a landline connected.
Cable - may be suitable if you have Pay TV at home.
Satellite - may be suitable in remote areas or if you have a satellite dish.
SDSL - may be suitable if you host a website or upload large files.
Wireless - may be suitable if you don’t want a cable or landline connection.

The testing of a site for determining the availability of broadband services.  There are several online resources to check broadband availability.  Try www.whirlpool.net.au (external link) for xDSL, ADSL2+ and Cable connections.  Of course, every location has broadband availability through satellite broadband connections.

Program provides registered ISPs (Internet Service Providers) with incentive payments to supply higher bandwidth services in regional, rural and remote areas of Australia at prices comparable to those available in metropolitan areas.  Replacement scheme for the ended HiBIS (ended on 31 December 2005) and was begun on 1 January 2006.

A software application which facilitates interaction with the World Wide Web.  A browser uses HTTP to interact with Web servers online.  Also called a Web Browser.

Combining any or all telecommunication services from a single provider.  Bundled offers usually confer a discount on one or more services.

Business Card Typically used to depict a record in your contact database. This record may be transmitted to another phone using Infrared, Bluetooth or a data-Cable, if available and activated on both phones.

Use of a fibre optic cable (the same used for pay-TV connections) to deliver Internet connections at up to 10 Mbps.

Formed in 2006, through the merger of the ACIF and SPAN, the CAL is an industry body focussed on promoting the 'growth of the Australian communications industry and the protection of consumer interests by fostering the highest standards of business ethics and behaviour through industry self-governance'.

Calendar feature allows you to store scheduling and event information in your phone. Some phones also offer the ability to sound an alert to remind you of upcoming events.

A method of cheaper international call access where calls are routed via a remote location avoiding local service providers. 

The barring of outgoing calls, to selected numbers or groups of numbers, may be applied to both mobile phones and fixed services.  This is a network feature.

A call centre (or Call Center) is a business unit whose purpose is to handle inbound/outbound telecommunications traffic for a company.  A Contact Centre is more highly integrated and such a unit might handle various forms of correspondence between the company and its customers.

The saturation of the available simultaneous connections on a communications channel by users.  Applies to both Fixed Lines services and Wireless services (including Mobile services).

An additional feature of Directory Assistance services, whereby the caller can be connected to the desired number.  Charges often start in excess of $1AUD per use.  Available for both Mobile and Fixed Line services. Also see Flag fall

Often also called Call Forward, Call Divert is the ability to divert an incoming call to a designated number or service.  Usual call charges often apply (however some of these charges might be reduced or removed by some Mobile service providers).  Available to both Mobile and Fixed Line services.  Call diversion products typically offer many conditional options (eg. Divert All Calls, Divert on No Answer, Divert on Unreachable, Divert on Busy, etc.).

The accidental disconnection of a phone call.  Applies to both Fixed Line services (especially non-managed VoIP) and Mobile Services.  Also called Drop Out.

The ability to alert the user to the presence of a second incoming call to their current connection.  The user has the option to retrieve the second call, while maintaining their initial connection.  Either party may then be disconnected by the user, at their discretion.  This feature is available for both Fixed Services (although not all types of Fixed Services) and for Mobile Services.

Also referred to as CID.  This feature provides the caller's telephone number information whilst the call is ringing.  The CID information is usually contained between the first and second ringing tone.  CID may be blocked (on landlines) by the caller by dialling 1831 before the number, or by requesting a permanent block from the service provider.  This information is obtained by using the relevant parts of CLI (Caller Line Identification) information.

Canned messages are messages that are already there, sort of like a template, where you don't have to type the same messages over and over again. You can save your thumb some work and insert them quickly and easily into your SMS messages

Charging device for mobile handsets, which plugs into the cigarette lighter socket of a vehicle.  See mobile handsets, for their expanded definition.

This is a mobile handset feature. The ability of a phone to assign different ring types to different callers.

The per-minute charge for using a calling card. This rate is typically higher than the regular rate.

A mobile phone with a built-in camera that can take instant digital photos and send them to other phones or email address. While the quality of the images is below that of stand-alone digital cameras, they are still good enough for quick on-location use in field trips and social settings. Quality is expected to improve dramatically as technology further develops.

Often referred to as Rebillers or Resellers of telecommunications services.  These are service providers who are not carriers themselves.

Telecommunications Carriers are the owners/maintainers of a telecommunications network (either Mobile or Landline).  Not all Telecommunications Providers are Telecommunications Carriers; some are resellers of a Carrier's network.

A customer who has not entered into a service provision contract of more than one month's duration.  Typically, these contracts are of one month duration and are 'renewed' each month by the continued relationship of the two parties (customer and service provider).  This allows the customer to cancel the services at any given time.

In layman's terms: 'blue computer cable'.  Variously also called Cat 5, C5 Cable, Ethernet cable, and now updated to CAT-5e (capable of x10 speeds of CAT-5).  CAT-5 is composed of four twisted copper pairs and is capable of carrying network data communications at 100Mbps or up to four telephone lines.  Now also being used to deliver VoIP traffic and data communications over the same cable, thus avoiding the need for two cables to each workstation and thereby reducing cabling costs.

A spread spectrum digital transmission, operating at 800MHz and 1900MHz.  The ability to code the signal and spread its transmission over both frequencies allows for greater range of signal and hence greater coverage in regional areas.
Interestingly, 2G CDMA SMS may only be 160 characters in length.

A 3G wireless communications standard further evolved from CDMA technology.  Supports speeds ranging from 144Kbps to 2Mbps.

Area of coverage from/to a radio transceiver that sends and receives mobile phone signals.  In the US and Canada, the area covered by such a transceiver is a Cell - hence the term Cell Phones.  See also Base Station coverage.

The capability of your phone to display (on its screen) the location of the nearest Cell tower to your location.

US and Canadian term for a mobile phone.  Named for the coverage area of a base station transceiver: called a cell.  Also called Cell Phone.

Term to denote the switch of a customer between telecommunications service providers.

The provision of the calling party's number, called party's number, time of call, routing information, duration and other minor information between service providers.  Often billed as CLIP - Calling Line Identification Presentation.  Part of this information may be used to provide CND (Calling Number Display) to the called party.

Cellular Mobile Telephone Systems in which the coverage area is divided up into a large number of small areas, called cells, each of which has its own base station. 

The display of the calling party's number as the call is ringing.  CND is typically sent (as an inaudible signal) between the first and second dial tones of a call.  The caller may elect to have their CND information blocked on a per call basis (by prefixing the called number by 1831) or permanently blocked through their service provider.  Also called Calling Name Display, Caller ID (or CID) and CNI (Calling Number Identification).  CLI differs from CND and the others.  See also CLI (Caller Line Identification).

The telephony equipment premises which houses switching equipment for a local exchange or area code.  This building will typically house switching equipment, servers, storage systems, emergency power systems, and related devices that are used to run telephone systems.  CO is also used by PABX manufacturers to denote external lines (as opposed to internal lines: extensions).

Data transmission cable which has a single copper conductor in the center, surrounded by a plastic layer for insulation, with a braided metal conductor outer shield over the insulation, and covered by a plastic outer coating.  Used for the premises connection of the Cable TV and Cable Internet network in Australia.

An STD call over a short distance within a capital city offering cheaper rates than standard STD rates. Specifically, community call rates apply:
on calls within the Adelaide, Brisbane, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth, or Sydney charging districts and where the call is not a Local call;
between an Urban Fringe Charging Zone and its closest Inner Metropolitan Charging Zone;
between a Standard Zone and the Standard Zone containing its designated Community Service Town, if any, where the call is not a Local call or Preferential call.
The above conditions apply only to calls of 50km or greater in distance. A community call is charged at a concessional rate instead of the rate that would normally apply for a call of the same distance. 

Call in which three or more parties are joined in the same conversation.  Fixed services offer conference calling either through the use of PABX features or directly through the service provider.  Mobile carriers have now begun to offer conference calling between multiple mobile phone handsets.

A one-time fee for the set up your phone service.
Not to be confused with a Flag fall, which is the connection cost of an individual call.

For Telecommunications: an oral or written agreement between a Service Provider and a customer.  The customer may be an individual or a corporate entity.  The agreement states the terms and conditions for the supply or a product or service, for a specified price, for a specified period of time.

Also called a Contract Termination Cost, Contract Exit Fee, Contract Termination Fee.  See ETC (Early Termination Charges).

The duration of a contract, as stated in that contract.  Some contracts may also include a provision for automatic renewal of a contract term.

For Telecommunications:  As communications transmission and storage has become digitised, consolidation of various forms of communications (eg. voice, data and video) has become a possibility.  Convergence is the likely joining of two or more communications forms into a single user product.  The advantages for consumers are:  convenience and cost savings.  The advantages for service providers are:  cost savings (through reduced operational expenses and capital expenditure) and increased customer loyalty.

The Australian telecommunications network mostly remains a simple copper network.  This describes copper lines connected to premises from local exchanges and then switched through other exchanges, for ultimate delivery to another premises.  Telecommunications transmissions travel over these lines.  Today, there are other methods of telecommunications transmissions such as IP networks, satellite networks, wireless networks (including Mobile Phone Networks).

The dialling prefix used to reach international destinations.  To access IDD (International Direct dialling; dialling internationally without operator assistance) the access code 0011 must be used.  The format for IDD is: 0111 + country code + area code + local phone number.

The area of land (or in some cases water) that a particular mobile network is meant to accommodate - in other words, if you're within that area you should be able to make calls. It's often expressed in terms of a percentage of the population who could use mobiles outside their own homes, rather than actual geographic coverage.

For wireless communications (including mobiles):  The locations in which a user can connect to and use a wireless service from their service provider.  The term Coverage Area is most commonly used by mobile phone network carriers.  These providers all supply Coverage Maps, see below, for links.

Maps of coverage areas from each of the Mobile Network Carriers.  Telstra.  Optus.  Vodafone.  Hutchison 3.

The on-site hardware of a customer's telecommunications.  For example: PABX, PBX, telephone handsets, modems, routers, etc.

The automatic addition of unwanted and unasked for services to a telecom account.  Further defined as chargeable items.  These items will be displayed on customer bills.

A discontinued government funded industry body which was organised by the (also discontinued) CRU.  They drew together researchers, key industry players and policy makers in a multi-disciplinary environment to consider communications policy and research in Australia.

A discontinued former department of the DCITA which collected industry performance data, analysed industry performance, provided economic research, briefing and consultancy research services to external clients.

A performance standard created by the ACMA.  Provides financial compensation, of a prescribed amount, to end customers who are affected by delays in service connections and fault repairs.  For a full description, with compensation amounts and timetables, please visit our Customer Service Guarantee page.

Often referred to as Rebillers or Resellers of telecommunications services.  These are service providers who are not carriers themselves.

Consumer and community organisation representing the interests of residential customers throughout Australia.

Provider which offers standard services or approved non-standard alternative telecommunications services in respect of a Universal Service Obligation.  See also USO and USO contestability.

The moment when a service, or element of infrastructure, is moved from one service provider to another.  See also Port, for mobile phones, and see ULL, for fixed services.

Operator-assisted (or possibly a CVR-assisted) telephone directory service which provides the user the phone number of a residence or business.  Number must be listed in the telephone directory.

Resources and news about telephone, Internet, broadband and ICT services for consumers and for business: funding, policy, legislation, reviews, online security and contacts for industry bodies.
   See also:  ACMA

The digital data service obligation (DDSO) is the obligation placed on a digital data service provider to ensure that digital data services are accessible to all people in Australia on an equitable basis, wherever they reside or carry on business. The DDSO has two parts - the general DDSO for people in urban areas and the special DDSO for people in regional service areas. Services must operate at a specified minimum speed of approximately 64kbps.

A logarithmic measurement unit that describes a sound's relative loudness or the relative difference between two power levels.  A 10dB difference is required to double the subjective volume.  A 3dB difference equates to a doubling of power.

Used for phone handsets and data, this wireless technology has a range of up to a few hundred meters.  DECT can support multiple handsets and may be incorporated into an existing phone system.

An accessory which sits on a desk and allows you to charge your phone in an upright position and also has the capability to charge an additional battery at the same time.

Conferencing through a PC or laptop, often with a video component.  Desktop conferencing may occur between two or more parties.  Limitations are available bandwidth, software and the PCs' hardware’s.

A non-broadband internet connection to an ISP.  The connection is made by a modem dialling the ISP through the traditional PSTN network.

The use of a 100 InDial Range with a PABX, which allows an outside caller to dial a phone number that will ring directly to a specific party instead of calling a main phone number.  The PABX must be programmed to assign that number to a specific extension.
   See also:  PABX

The representation of information using discrete elements called binary code.  In everyday use (especially in voice communications) digital signals are used to represent analog information.  Digital signals are useful because they can represent analog signals, can be easily handled by computer systems and networks (themselves, digital systems), can be compressed, and do not degrade with reproduction.

Electronic authorisation tools used to identify users and resources over network connections.  Heavily used on the internet to verify identity of users and WebPages.

Mathematical technique for modifying/representing a digital signal.  The compressed signal will be smaller than the original.  Information can therefore be sent faster over the same bandwidth.

Use of an existing 'subscriber line' (traditional phone line) to deliver digital data at broadband speeds.  The local exchange (where the copper loop telephone line is connected) must be 'enabled' with DSL technology.

Previously direct dialling was the event of dialling an intended party without the aid of an operator.  Nowadays, Direct Dialling is still commonly used in two circumstances.  IDD (International Direct Dialling) is connection to an international destination without the aid of an operator.  IDD is still in use in vernacular because pricing structures quote IDD rates.  The second common use for Direct Dialling is for Direct In Dialling (called 'Direct Dialling In' by the Brits).  Direct In Dialling is where a phone system (PABX) can recognise an incoming dialled number, bypass the main answering point (eg. the receptionist), and pass the call directly to the correct extension.  DID usually requires a 100 number range.

Operator-assisted (or possibly a CVR-assisted) telephone directory service which provides the user the phone number of a residence or business.  Number must be listed in the telephone directory.

DoCoMo is a division of Japan's major telecommunications company NTT, and the vendor of the popular overseas phone service i-mode.

A server which translates the URL of a website into its actual numeric IP address.  When a browser requests a web page, the domain name server is consulted for the actual IP address.  Humans use words to define web addresses, computers use numeric IP addresses.

The accidental disconnection of a phone call.  Applies to both Fixed Line services (including VoIP) and Mobile Services.  VoIP users also call partially missing words a 'drop-out'.

Use of an existing 'subscriber line' (traditional phone line) to deliver digital data at broadband speeds.  The local exchange (where the copper loop telephone line is connected) must be 'enabled' (implementation of hardware) to allow data transmission using the DSL.

Also called a Digital Subscriber Line Access Module or a Mux.  This is a hardware interface between DSL lines and a network 'backbone'.  DSLAMs are located in the local exchange.  DSLAMs also provide the interface for ULL supply of voice/internet connections - these internet connections are usually faster than normal ADSL connections.

Refers to a communication device that works at two different frequencies (or bands).  Commonly, a Dual Band phone is a mobile phone which operates on both the 900mHz and 1800mHz frequency bands.  During network congestion, a dual band phone can use its alternate frequency to provide a connection.  See also Tri-Band.  See also Quad-Band.  Not to be confused with a Dual Mode handset.

The ability of a mobile handset to operate on both the analog and digital networks; even to the extent of using the same frequency band.

Designed to extend the PPP (Point to Point Protocol), the EAP incorporates traditional passwords, token keys, digital certificates and public-key authentications.

Rate plan feature from Service Providers.  Economy rates are often used for weekend periods.  See also Peak Rates and Off-Peak Rates.

An interim step between GPRS (EDGE was also called EGPRS) EDGE is capable of data transfer speeds of up to 384 kbps.  Superseded by current 3G technology.

This is what your service provider charges you to remain connected with the network. If you are on a plan it is the total monthly cost of your plan less the amount of included calls. Some providers will not charge you an access fee but will instead use the total monthly fee towards your call costs. 

Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) is a network and handset feature enabling better speech quality to GSM users.

Mail composed and transmitted on a computer system or network.  Email is technically merely text, but multimedia attachments often accompany it.

Telephone numbers for the Emergency Services: Police, Fire & Ambulance.  These numbers are free to call and should only be used in situations which are life threatening or there is imminent risk to either property or the environment.

Energy transfer in the form of electric and magnetic field fluctuations. These waves or particles propagate through space at the speed of light.

Term for the entire range of electromagnetic radiation types.  The spectrum is divided into seven sections; from the longest wavelengths to the shortest: radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma ray radiation.  Mobile phones operate in the radio section.

Extension of SMS, allows sending/receiving of ring tones and other audio files, pictures, animations, and formatted text.

The process of encoding data.  Data is often encrypted before it is transmitted over an unsecured medium, then decrypted at its destination using a process or key for that purpose.

Any telecommunications service that uses computer applications to provide consumers with value-added telephone services, such as voicemail and call waiting.

The area serviced by a local phone exchange.  These are often used when describing 1300, 13 or 1800 number call routing.

The unique hexadecimal serial number of a CDMA phone (and previously, analog mobile phones).  The ESN is registered with a service provider as part of a mobile's activation process.  See also IMEI.

Use our Mobile Bill Calculator to compare the cheapest plans available suited to your needs. Use an old bill as an example of your regular calling habits. The estimated monthly bill figure is based on your current monthly bill total, call rates and billing increments.

The amount charged by a service provider for the early termination of a contract.  For Mobiles, this is usually the number of months remaining on the contract multiplied by the minimum monthly commitment of that contract.  For Landlines, this is often the repayment of any previously granted bonuses and the payment of a nominated monthly amount multiplied by the remaining months of the contract period.  Also called a Cancellation Fee, Contract Cancellation Fee, Contract Termination Charges, etc.

Ethernet is the most widely-installed local area network (LAN) protocol.  Officially, Ethernet (at up to 10Mbps) and Fast Ethernet (at up to 100Mbps) are the two grades.  Now the term Ethernet generally refers to Fast Ethernet, due to this being the prevalent type used.  Ethernet is generally transferred using CAT-5 or CAT-5e cables ('the blue computer cables'), or over a wireless LAN link.

Premises for the switching equipment which allows for connection of calls.  Switching occurs for local, STD, calls to mobiles and international calling.  Also called, Telephone Exchange.

Special regional zone which allows for untimed local calls to neighbouring zones and to a community service town various community services are accessed.

IP address of a computer on an external network - most commonly the internet.  Computers use IP addresses to identify one another.  Websites are held on servers, and are assigned a unique IP address. Mail servers also have a unique IP address.  External IP addresses may also be called Public IP addresses.

Called a fax in common use.  The digitisation of an image and then transmission of that image.  Superseded the Telex.

Telstra product.  Duet refers to the addition of a second line which shares the same telephone line as an existing service.  Line rental for the second line is minimal (around $6.00).  Faxes may still be received while the line is busy, and are queued at the exchange until the line is free.  FaxStream Duet has become a valuable tool for many small businesses.

US body for the Regulation of interstate communications: licenses, rates, tariffs, standards, limitations, etc.

Multiplexing protocol where the available transmission frequency range is divided into separate channels.  Data is segmented and transmitted over these various channels.  Data is reconstructed at the destination.

A process of sending redundant data during a transmission.  If an error is encountered, the redundant data may be used to reconstruct the missing information.

Grouped glass, plastic or hybrid fibres which are used to transmit digital pulses of light for data transmission.  High bandwidth solution which may carry voice, video and data.  Commonly called 'Cable'.

Hardware and/or software designed to prevent unauthorized access to (or from) a private network.  Firewalls are commonly positioned between the internet and all internal infrastructures (PCs, LAN, Intranet, etc.).

Also called a 'Call Connection Fee' or a 'Connection Fee').  A Flagfall is a charge applied by the service provider at the start of a call - at the time of connection.  Commonly being phased-out for landline calls, the Flagfall is still present on most mobile calls.

Delivery of calls to a user through an alternate network (while that user is out of range from their pre-selected network or whilst that user has requested the routing).

Typically used for LAN to LAN data connection over distances, frame relays are prescribed connection paths.  The end user experience is a (virtual) permanent connection between LAN sites.  Frame relay is a protocol for variable-length packet transmission of data.  Designed for use as a low-noise connection, redundant- and dark- data are not generally used, which leads to high transmission rates.  Frame relays may transmit bursts of data at up to 45Mbps.  Due to its transmission burst nature, frame relays are not ideal for transmission of continuous signals such as voice and video.

1800 Number.  A FreeCall number is a Toll-Free number but with no connection charges.  The call is charged to the owner of the number.  As with all toll-free numbers, the call is routed to a nominated answering point.  The answering point itself may be dynamic; it may be dependent on time of day (TOD), caller location, or calling traffic overflows.

The number of cycles (or completed alternations) per unit time.   Hertz (Hz) measures cycles per second.  Typically, frequencies are used when measuring wave transmissions such as EMR (eg. light, x-rays, UV, radio (including mobile phone transmissions), television, electrical current, etc.) and sound.

Collections of ESAs used for reporting purposes.  Nominated by Telstra, there are 43 FSAs in Australia.  FSAs may be within the same area code (eg. North Sydney and South Sydney).

Process for transferring files over the internet or another TCP/IP network.  FTP is also often used to describe the software interface used for transfers.  Files available to be shared are held on a server.  Users may be required to logon to the server using either a secured username and password or by an 'anonymous' logon (an unsecured and generic logon).  Files may then be downloaded from the server (or uploaded, if permitted).

Games are a fast-growing feature of mobile phones. For several years, standard mobile handsets have had basic games installed in their software. Now some firms are releasing mobile phones that double as a portable gaming platform. Nokia was first with its N-Gage system, and Sony and others have announced they will also enter the market. These units feature games of a quality rivalling or even surpassing hand-held game systems such as Nintendo's Game Boy.

Also called a GSO (Geosynchronous Orbit) satellite.  Satellite whose rotation period matches that of earth, and can therefore maintain a stationary position relative to a location on earth.  Also called a geostationary satellite.

The ability to use a mobile phone overseas.  Tri-band and Quad-band phones allow roaming through the USA.  GSM and GPRS phones will provide roaming throughout most of the international community.  CDMA phones do not (practically) offer international roaming.  Roaming charges are substantial.

A mobile data service which uses the GSM network to send data packets.  Still in use, but superseded by 3G technology.

Satellite-based navigation aid.  GPS uses triangulation from time-delay information from GPS satellites to determine a latitude, longitude and elevation of the GPS unit.  GPS units may be hand-held devices.

The digital telecommunications standard used worldwide (over 125 countries) to replace AMPS.  (Notable exception is the USA, where GSM is not mainstream.)  GSM phones use a SIM card and have an IMEI number; which is their serial number.  Telstra, Optus and Vodafone operate GSM networks in Australia.

Overall, a handset is any hand-held device which is used to make and receive phone calls.  Refers to mobile phones, cordless phones or landline handsets.  However, usually refers to a mobile phone handset.  Also called a mobile, cell, cell phone or cellular phone.  Cordless handsets are also called portable phones, DECT phones (common-use language) or wireless phones.  Landline handsets may refer to a stand alone handset directly connected to a socket or to a handset which is part of a phone system (eg. a handset connected to a PABX).

When a customer purchases a phone and plan as a package deal the customer must sign a contract agreeing to remain connected to the service provider for a particular length of time. The agreement will allow the customer to purchase the handset at a subsidised price. However, some service providers are phasing out subsidised handsets and so customers will have to pay the full cost of the phone.

Mobile phone handset which is included in the offer of a mobile phone contract.  The handset may be subsidised, free or $0.  Subsidised handsets may be bought outright or included as a monthly charge.  Free handsets are free, with 'no strings attached'.  $0 (called 'zero-dollar') handsets are offered at no charge, so long as the customer remains in contract with the provider.  After the contract period is finished, a $0 handset is owned by the customer.

Hardware for use in a vehicle, which allows the use of a mobile phone in a handsfree manner.  Some optional features of car kits: cradle for holding the handset; battery charger; external antennas.  All car kits have a microphone and speaker.

Hardware extension accessory for phones which allows the user to converse without having the handset next to their ear.  May be a mobile or fixed service accessory.

Signals between two network nodes (eg. a mobile handset and a base station, a wireless laptop and a wireless router, etc.) which precede interoperation.  Often a handshake will incorporate security authorisation.

Symmetric DSL which usually has a slower maximum download speed than an ADSL over the same connection.  Useful for high levels of data being sent and for VoIP applications.

The number of cycles (or completed alternations) per second.  Typically, Hertz may be used to quantify wave transmissions such as EMR (eg. light, x-rays, UV, radio (including mobile phone transmissions), television, electrical current, etc.) and sound.

A description of the Cable TV and Cable Internet network in Australia.  Optical fibre is used in all exchanges and hubs, and coaxial cables run from the hubs to customer premises.

HiBIS was an Australian Government program providing access to higher bandwidth services for people in regional, rural and remote Australia at prices comparable to those available in metropolitan Australia.  Internet connections were made through ADSL or Satellite.  The Broadband Connect Scheme (launched 1 January 2006) has replaced HiBIS (ended 31 December 2005).

In telecommunications use, a high-gain antenna is a 'booster antenna' used to improve the range of mobile reception.  Gain (imporvement) is measured in dB.

The authoring software for webpages.  Web Browsers read HTML code to present webpages as they are intended.

Protocol for the operation of the internet.  Webpages consist of text, images, etc. and HTTP is the protocol for their transfer between users and servers.

Frequency rate measurement as cycles per second.  Typically, Hz are used when quantifying wave transmissions such as EMR (eg. light, x-rays, UV, radio (including mobile phone transmissions), television, electrical current, etc.) and sound.

A discontinued program of the Federal Government and Telstra, designed to benchmark dial-up internet service performance.

Non-profit organisation which is the worldwide central body for administration of IP addresses and domain names used on the internet.

Denotes the implementation, use, storage, transfer and modification of communication information.  ICT (and IT&T) are used to refer to IT fields specifically dealing with the telecommunications industry.

Connection of a call to an international destination number without the aid of an operator.  IDD is still in common use because it is used to quote international calling rates.  IDD can be done from fixed lines or from mobiles.  Not to be confused with international roaming calls, see below.

Australia's national Internet industry organisation.  Members are drawn from telecommunications carriers, content creators and publishers, web developers, e-commerce traders and solutions providers, hardware vendors, systems integrators, banks, insurance underwriters, technology law firms, ISPs, educational institutions, research analysts, and those providing professional and technical support services.

The unique serial number of a mobile handset.  The 15-digit IMEI is imprinted electronically into the handset, printed on the box (of new phones) and is also printed on the handset (inside the cover).  When activation of a handset takes place, the IMEI is registered by the service provider.

A packet data standard which can operate over GPRS or 3G to deliver (especially) email.  Mobile handsets must be i-mode capable.

Global standards for 3G mobile network performance, from the ITU (International Telecommunications Union).

Also referred to as a ‘Cigarette Lighter Adaptor’, used to charge the handset battery from a cigarette lighter socket in a vehicle.

The cost of calls, messages and other uses which the minimum monthly cost allows.  May apply to mobiles or to landline phone services.  Most often, the included calls match the minimum monthly spend.  Included calls may be measured in minutes or in dollar value.

Allows cell phones, PDAs, and other devices to connect to each other for various purposes. Infrared is a wireless technology that uses a beam of invisible light to transmit information.

The providers of coverage for some satellite phones.  This satellite network provides coverage to 100% of Australia.  Sat Phones are often kept for emergency use in remote areas.

Alternately called an in-place number or an in-place line.  The service may be reconnected without a technician site visit.  A service is in-place if there has been a previous connection at the address and the line remains in-place.  A phone line with a dial tone is an in-place service, and in some cases a line without a dial tone may be considered in-place.

Video, voice or data interaction over a communications channel.  Inputs may be from either party.

NDD call between any of the Australian capital cities: Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra, Darwin, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney.  Some providers make this distinction from STD calls to regional centres, and provide different call rates.

Snap-on covers for mobile phones which are available in a variety of colours and designs. Interchangeable covers only fit selected mobile phones.

Degradation of a desired communications signal by interference from another signal source.  May be caused by naturally occurring ambient EMR (Electromagnetic Radiation) or by other elecrical devices producing EMR.

Feature of a mobile phone handset which incorporates the handsfree feature.  Handsfree is the ability to converse on a mobile phone without using one's hands to hold the handset.

IP address of a computer on an intranet.  Computers use IP addresses to identify one another.  (Not to be confused with an External IP address.)

Calls that originate in one country and terminate in another.  The call may be either operator assisted or direct dialled (eg. IDD calls).  Applies to both mobile phones and to landlines.

The rate charged for calls to mobiles which are registered internationally.  (This is not the same as the rate for calls to Australian mobiles whilst they are overseas.)  See International Roaming, below.

Allows a mobile phone to be used overseas when a roaming agreement exists between the user's Australian mobile phone company and a mobile phone company overseas.

Process of routing a telecommunications connection between two countries through an intermediary country.

The global network of computer networks, which provides access to millions of resources.  Information is transferred using the TCP/IP protocols.  Simple user interfaces which

Voice call made by IP data encoding, transmission and decoding.  One type of VoIP.  The call is not routed over the traditional phone system and is therefore (typically) free.  Charges may apply if the call is terminated to a traditional fixed service or mobile service.

Codes developed by the Internet Industry Association (IIA) which apply to all Australian ISPs (Internet Service Providers) and ICHs (Internet Content Hosts).  The codes are intended to provide internet users with access to internet safety tools and information.  Mobile users are also protected from inappropriate content.  The ABA may direct an ISP or ICH to comply with a code if satisfied that they are not already doing so.

Protocol for data packet transfers.  Forms the basis for most networks, including the internet.  IP packets are data packets consisting of a header and attached data.  Packets are often sent using a TCP (Transfer Control Protocol) to aid delivery.  At the terminus of the data transmission, IP packets are reassembled into the original data form.

A numeric IP address, which often can be translated into a webpage address (External IP Address) or a computer's address in an intranet (Internal IP Address).  Computers use IP addresses as identifiers.

Non-visible part of the EMS (Electromagnetic Spectrum) which can be used as a wireless communications medium.  Line-of-sight transmissions only.

Integrated services over a traditional telephone line.  The line is altered at the exchange to provide either an ISDN2 or ISDN10/20/30 connection.  ISDN2, also called BRI, is a converted single copper pair into two 64 kbps 'B' channels which may be used for voice or data.  There is an additional 16kbps 'D' data signal channel created also.  ISDN2 can be used to provide 2 voice lines on the same copper pair.  ISDN10/20/30, also called PRI, is a converted single copper pair (ordinary telephone line) into thirty 64 kbps 'B' channels which may be used for voice or data.  There is an additional 64kbps 'D' data signal channel created also.  ISDN10/20/30 can provide 10, 20 or 30 voice channels over the same copper line.

Company which retails internet connections to customers.  An IAP (Internet Access Provider) wholesales bandwidth to ISPs, who in turn package and sell the bandwidth to the end customers.  ISPs have also extended their range of products, often providing website hosting and other products.

All encompassing term to denote the implementation, use, storage, transfer and modification of information.  Typically IT deals with computing, networks and communications.  Sometimes IT&T  and ICT are used to refer to IT fields specifically dealing with the telecommunications industry.  See also ICT.

Presentation of a phone bill on a call-by-call basis.  Itemised calls show call information such as: number called from, date of call, time of call, number called, duration of the call, and the cost of the call.  Often additional information is supplied, such as: rate plan applied to that call, whether the number dialled is considered OnNet, and others.  Aussie Phone Brokers makes use of this information to recalculate each phone call according to a range of plans applied.

A divisional agency of the United Nations.  International organization established to standardise and regulate international radio and telecommunications.

Object based programming language. Intended to replace C++. (Mentioned in this glossary to note that Java and JavaScript are not the same thing.)

Script language which can be embedded into the HTML of a web page to add functionality. Unlike a programming language, a script is simplified and does not need to be compiled, the source code is embedded into the HTML of a webpage. Developed by Sun Microsystems, JavaScript is open source and may be used without purchasing a licence.

Provides an application-development platform for mobile devices with limited processing power and memory, including cell phones and PDAs.

Unsolicited email.
See SPAM.

A network of computers within a home, office or group of buildings.  Often connected via Cat-5 cables (the 'blue computer network cables') or by local wireless connections (eg. wireless routers).

Also called a Fixed Line service, Fixed Wire service, Wired service, Telephone line, Phone line, Land Line, CO Line, Central Office Line and Copper Connection.  These are the traditional copper telephone connections, from an exchange (CO) to a premises.  Today landlines also describe fibre optic telephony lines.  Generally speaking, a landline is a non-wireless telephone line.

The selected language in which a handset will display its menu structure and other text.  Handsets generally have multiple languages to choose from.

A flat display used in electrical equipment.  Early versions were two-toned, but today LCDs are colour.  LCDs are used on handsets; both mobile (including PDA, etc.) and landline handsets.

Programming of a PABX to use different lines or override codes to obtain the best call rate for differing call types or time of day calling.  For example:  When calling a mobile phone, a PABX which has been LCRed may use an alternate (cheaper) carrier for that call.  This is simply done by prefixing the dialled number with a four digit override code.  The user does not see or notice the LCR taking place.

A dedicated telephone line assigned from one location to another.  Set up by a telecommunications carrier, the connection is said to be a leased line.  Typically used by businesses to connect geographically distant offices, leased lines are more expensive than other methods available today (eg. VPNs).  Leased lines offer an inherently secure, fast and always-on connection.

Small, bright, light source that uses very little power and does not burn out.  LEDs may emits visible, UV or IR.

LEO satellites are more common than GeoSats because it is cheaper to place them in LEO and they need less powerful amplifiers for transmitting.  LEO is an orbiting height of between 200 and 2000 kms and the satellites travel at about 27,400 kmph to maintain their orbit - providing a period of orbit of around 1 hour and 30 minutes.  This means that constant coverage to an area on Earth must be provided using a network of LEO satellites.  (This is unsuitable for some communications requirements and so geostationary orbit satellites are also used - see Geosynchronous Satellite.)

Lithium ion is used in the batteries of mid- to high-end mobile phones. These batteries use power much more effectively than other batteries (see NiMh battery) which increases the talk time and standby time.

Lithium Polymer type of battery. Similar to Li-Ion batteries, but slightely lighter and the batteries can be molded to any shape.

The number of lines of text which can be displayed on a handset without scrolling.  Not to be confused with CND (Calling Number Display).

The fee charged by a telephone carrier for the connection to their network.  Distinct from usage charges, this fee is a flat access fee.

A stationary wireless broadband link which must be operated in line-of-sight.  3-5km ranges are expected.

Calls made between standard telephone services within the same charging zone or to adjacent standard charging zones, and charged at a flat rate.  However, local calls from ISDN services are timed and do not have a flat charging structure.

A charging arrangement that allows dial-up internet users to access their (ISP) Internet Service Provider for the cost of a local call, irrespective of their distance from the physical point of presence (PoP).  See 019 numbers.

The telephone exchange (see CO) which a standard telephone service is physically connected to.  This is usually the closest exchange, but not always.

The ability for a customer to retain their existing landline number when changing service providers.  This may occur in two circumstances: either the number is retained by the carriage service provider and simply rebilled, or the number is actually ported from one carrier to another.  As with mobile number porting, the approximate time where the number is unavailable through either of the carriers is 15 minutes.

Long distance calls are also called STD calls, NDD (National Direct Dialled) Calls or Trunk Calls.  (Technically, international calls are also long distance calls, but this is not a common use of the term.)  These are domestic calls which extend beyond local billing zones.

Refers to a communication medium which must have an unimpeded (or nominal) line-of-sight between transmitter and receiver.

Mili amps is the measurement used for the power capacity of a battery. Power capacities vary widely - from around 500 to 1500 MaH.

The series of 019 numbers which allow national dial-up internet access at the cost of a local call from almost anywhere in Australia.

Using the phonebook features of a phone handset to retrieve and call a number.  Speed dial is one example of this.  Dialling using number recall features is another.

Loss of capacity of Ni-Cad (Nickel-Cadmium) or NiMH (Nickel-Metal Hydride) rechargeable battery.  Recharging the battery before it is completely discharged, or using the battery before it is completely recharged, can result in that battery losing the ability to reach its original capacity.  This effect may be reduced through several full discharge and charging cycles.  Nowadays NiCd and NiMH batteries are not in prevalent use.

Also called ICO (Intermediate Circular Orbit), denotes satellites placed in an orbit greater than LEO (Low Earth Orbit) and less than GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit).  The satellites for the global navigation system GPS (Global Positioning System) operate in MEO.

Telstra product brand name for a voicemail service.  For landlines:  Callers can be directed to MessageBank when their call is unanswered or if the phone is busy.  For mobiles:  Callers offered by Telstra for its fixed-line customers. You can check your messages from any phone by calling your MessageBank and entering your secret PIN. There is a monthly fee added to your phone bill for this service.

Microwave telecommunications is the use of microwaves as a communication medium.  Microwave communications are restricted to line-of-sight only.

Minimum period of time (or part thereof) that you will be billed for a timed call. 1-second and 30-second billing increments are the most common.

Different to a Flagfall cost, the minimum call cost is the minimum charge for an individual call.  Difference:  Whilst the Flagfall is charged at the connection of a call and then rate charges added, the minimum call cost is only applied if the call cost does not exceed minimum amount.

Term used to describe the total commitment amount of a contract.  For early termination of a contract, payment of the minimum commitment will often be enforced.  See also Minimum Monthly Commitment.

The agreed monthly charge for available connection of a service to a network.  This minimum charge will still be applied, irrespective of usage.  For instance:  A $99 Cap plan, with $700 of included calls and a minimum commitment of $70, will cost $70 per month even when the phone is not being used.  Also called a Connection Fee, Minimum Commitment, Monthly Access Charge, Monthly Access Fee, Monthly Connection Fee, etc.

Wireless broadband alternative to the local loop (traditional copper connections) and permits a high bandwidth traffics up to 10 Mbps.

An EMS (Electronic Messaging System) used to deliver text, images, sounds and limited video to mobile handsets.  Platform built to expand SMSs.

The ability for a customer to retain their existing mobile number when changing mobile service providers.  Mobile numbers are assigned to SIM cards and a mobile number port occurs like this:  Usually a new SIM is issued, with a temporary mobile number imprinted on it.  Then, when 'the port' happens, the existing number is written over the new SIM's temporary number and the old SIM is left inactive.  During the mobile number porting, the mobile number is unreachable through either carrier for approximately 15 minutes.

Distinct from a mobile service provider who acts as a reseller of mobile network services, a MNVO buys wholesale capacity from a mobile network carrier and retails its own services.

This is a type of broadband connection that works over the mobile phone network. This sort of connection can vary greatly in speed depending on the service available to you at that location. Mobile broadband can use 3G or faster 3G+ called HSDPA. many networks will fall back to slower speeds if these services are not available. You usually need a separate modem to access these services and this can be a USB device or PC card.

The locations in which a user can connect to and use a mobile service from a nominated mobile phone network.  The Australian carriers all supply generalised Coverage Maps of their coverage areas.

A call type denoting a domestic call made from one mobile to another.  For the purposes of billing, call rates between mobiles are often charged at a different rate to other call types.  (Sometimes mobile to mobile call rates are segregated further; according to OnNet calls and OffNet calls.)

The cost of calls from one mobile phone to another mobile phone. The rate will usually differ depending on whether the other mobile is on the same network. Most service providers charge lower rates for calling mobiles on the same network. However, the lower rates are sometimes restricted to certain times of the day.

Amalgamating the terms: MOdulator and DEModulator, a Modem is a hardware device used to convert communications signals between analog and digital, or to modify digital signals between two parts of a network.  Modems are commonly used to connect a PC to the internet.

Simplistic ringtones which are made up of monophonic beeps.  Monophonic means: Capable of producing only one note at a time.

A set fee paid for available connection to a network.  May apply to both mobiles (see Minimum Monthly Spend) and landline connections (see Line Rental).  Separate to usage charges.

For certain rate plans, service providers require a certain dollar amount of usage per month. If the monthly minimum is not met, a charge is often incurred.

Occurs when normal operations of a carriage service provider are significantly disrupted by circumstances beyond that carrier's control.

The CO (Central Office) that controls the activities in a mobile phone network.  A computerised system which maintains mobile calls, defines the current base-station for all its mobile devices, coordinates handoffs, notes drop-outs and provides billing information.

Telstra service which provides more than one number to a phone line.  The alternate phone number may be billed separately and may also have a different ring tone applied.

Method used to transmit data from several sources along a single communications path, and be able to retrieve the intact information from any point along the path also.

CDMA phones:  Holds the ESN (serial number of the handset) and the assigned mobile phone number.

Internet infrastructure element where IAPs connect to other IAPs, or where IAPs connect to their ISPs.  NAPs are major connection nodes of the internet.  Often a point of congestion, an efficient NAP leads to a faster service.

As compared to Broadband, which uses a broad bandwidth for signal transmission, Narrowband uses a much narrower bandwidth and is therefore unable to carry information at broadband rates.

Policy framework for broadband development in Australia, agreed by all levels of government.  Overseen by the National Broadband Strategy Implementation Group.

Former federal telecommunications funding program for the promotion of high-speed telecommunications networks to deliver education and health services in regional Australia.

Term used for both landline calls and mobile calls.  Landline:  See STD.  Mobiles:  Any call to a domestic fixed line which is not a service number or premium number.

No longer offered.  Subset of Local Calls, a neighbourhood call was made within a local exchange area and was cheaper than a standard local call.

NetAlert is a not-for-profit internet safety advisory body established in late 1999 by the Australian government to provide independent advice and education on managing access to online content.

Telecommunications:  Network is a telecommunications connections infrastructure which enables telecommunications between two or more devices.  Computers:  Network is a data communications connections infrastructure between three or more computers.

There are three types of mobile phone networks currently running in Australia - digital GSM, CDMA and 3G.

Mobiles:  New Service is the connection of a new mobile phone to a network, with a new number applied.  Porting of a service to a new carrier is not considered a new service.  Landlines:  New Service is the new connection between a customer's premises and the local exchange.  Activating an in-place number is not considered a new service even though that customer may be new.  A new service will involve at least some physical work between premises and exchange.  Sometimes a new service will involve trenching a new group of copper lines onto the premises site.

Established in 1979, NFF is the voice of Australian farmers in the federal political arena.  The Federation's key priorities are the broad national issues such as land and water resource security, industrial relations, trade, farm costs, telecommunications, sustainable agriculture and the environment.

Stands for Nickel Cadium. An old battery technology not generally used with mobile phones today but occasionally still found in cordless phones. Standby and talk time are less than newer style batteries and these batteries may develop 'memory effect' if they are not conditioned properly. They must be run fully flat and then fully charged on every cycle.

Stands for Nickel Metal Hydride. A common battery technology used today in most mobile phones. These batteries only need to be run flat once a week or so and can be "topped up" i.e. the batteries don’t need to receive a full charge. They are reputed not to develop 'memory effect'.

Diversion of an unanswered call to another number or a message service.  The number of rings before a call diverts can be set by the service provider.  See also Call Divert.

A mobile phone which is out of range of its service provider's coverage area (and any associated roaming service providers' coverage areas also) is said to be in a No Service area.  Remote regional areas are No Service areas for most providers.  See also Coverage Maps, for No Service areas from each mobile carrier.

Discontinued government organisation.  On 8 April 2004, the Australian Government Information Management Office (AGIMO) was established, replacing the National Office for the Information Economy (NOIE).  Some of the broader policy, research and programs were transferred to the Office for the Information Economy in the Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts (DCITA).

A carrier in respect of whom a nominated career declaration is in force under section 81 Telecommunications Act 1997.

An mobile antenna which is not fitted as standard by the manufacturer for example, flashing colours, laser beam.

Each USO provider is required to report regularly to the ACMA (incorporates the former the ACA) on the performance of its network at a the FSA, ESA and individual phone services level. The ACMA may issue directions requiring the USO provider to remedy individual services.

A telephone access service for communications to or from hearing or speech impaired individuals.  Relay may be through a live operator or through direct means such as TTY services.  See also ACE.

The ability for a customer to retain their existing phone number when changing service providers.  Term applies to both Local Number Portability and Mobile Number Portability.

Retrievable cost of a carrier providing access to the standard telephone service and payphones.  The carrier is required to submit a claim to the ACA (now ACMA) for these NUSCs in order to be reimbursed.  The calculations examine operating and capital costs (including the opportunity cost of capital) for the loss-making services, less any revenue received for those services.

Generally describes the hours of the day in which the least call traffic occurs (generally between the hours of 7pm to 7am Monday to Friday and all weekends, although slight variations in these times occur depending on carrier or provider).

Rate plan feature from Service Providers.  Off Peak rates are discounted rates designed to encourage the use of a service provider's communications services at a time which is convenient to them - their off-peak traffic times.  Off Peak times are generally nighttimes and weekends.  See also Economy Rates.

Organic Light-Emitting Diode. A next-generation display technology that consists of small dots of organic polymer that emit light when charged with electricity. OLED displays are thinner, lighter, brighter, cheaper to manufacture and consume less power than the current LCD displays.

An extension which is located remotely from a PABX.  OPX was an expensive service offered by service providers and was little used in the past.  OPX is gaining great interest with the introduction of IP telephony and VoIP.  OPX allows secondary office phones (and employees at home) to use their handset as though they are connected to the PABX.  Extension dialling, call transfers, etc. become available with OPX.

Internet connection using a satellite download link and a landline for the upload link.  Often used in conjunction with the an ISDN2 connection to provide a 64kbps or 128kbps upload link.  This connection has generally become superseded in regional areas, with the introduction of the Two-way Satellite connections (offering 256kbps uploads, for example, without the monthly connection costs).

Public areas which provide user internet access, with user equipment supplied.  Libraries are a good example of an Online Access Centre.

Phone calls which are made between users of the same network.  For example:  Calls between Optus mobiles are OnNet, but a call from an Optus mobile to a Vodafone mobile are OffNet.  Also called Same Network Calls, or branded (eg. Virgin2Virgin Calling).  Calls within the same account are OnNet calls, but are called Intra-Account Calls.

Glass, plastic or hybrid fibres which are used to transmit digital pulses of light for data transmission.  High bandwidth, high integrity (low data loss) solution which is used carry voice, video and data signals.

Electronic personal organiser and/or diary.  Used on PCs, PDAs and some mobile handsets.

Override is the ability to use a different phone company on a call-by-call basis by inserting a four-digit override code before making your call. Service providers have their own unique override code. There are no charges for using an override service but customers will be charged the higher standard call rates rather than the pre-selected rates. See A Guide to Preselection and Override and How to Override.

Each Australian service provider has its own four digit override code.  Calls to domestic or international destinations may be made through a provider by dialling their code before the required number.  Override codes may be used on a call-by-call basis.  (The user should also have an account with that provider, otherwise the call may be blocked.)  Pre-programming a PABX to use override codes for certain call types is one form of LCR (Least Cost Routing).

A phone system which allows not only onsite/offsite connections (eg. incoming and outgoing calls) but also onsite/onsite connections (eg. calls to extensions, call transfers, etc.).  A PABX (sometimes called a PBX) is the actual phone system box.  The handsets are the extensions.  Common features of a PABX are: extension dialling, call transfer, call holding, conference calling, DID (Direct In Dialling), CND (Calling Number Display) overwriting, CID (Caller ID) pass-through, and LCR (Least Cost Routing).  PABXs superseded KTSs (Key Telephone Systems).

Usually IP networks, data travels over the communications links as data packets.  This enables links to be shared (carrying packets from multiple sources).  IP networks can often show reduced network (switching) errors, but may introduce delays to packets when the communications channels are congested.

These protocols, of which the IP is the most common, are rules for formatting the breakdown of data into discrete packages, called packets.  A data packet is composed of a header and a small part of the data.  The header is generated by the protocol and contains the address of the packet's destination.  Packet switching is very efficient because at each stage of routing only the address (or part of the address) is read and not the entire data packet.  (A useful analogy is a mail sorting room: the letter (data) is not read, just the relevant part of the address.)  Because packets all have an address, they may be sent via any available communications channel and data from multiple sources may be sent via the same communications channel.  This is another efficiency gain.

The act of routing a data packet and also deciding  Most commonly, the act of routing IP packets through the internet.  Packet switching not only includes the act of redirection of each packet, but also manages the decision making of each routing node.

Mobile Technology:  Largely superseded technology whereby a wireless device could receive text messages to a small device called a pager.  SMS allows two-way text messaging, and has largely replaced Paging.  Additional feature of some PABX systems which allows

A technical fix that Telstra sometimes use to extend the number of lines available on the existing copper-wire network. Pair gain effectively doubles the number of lines available, without the need to physically add more wire. An example is in areas of high-density housing where the number of lines installed is not enough to service a block of units. The trade-off is that pair gain on a line makes ADSL internet services impossible. There are many industry and consumer groups that are vigorously lobbying Telstra to stop the use of pair gain because of its effect on ADSL services.

Hand-held mobile device which not only acts as a mobile phone, but may also have features such as: email capable, organiser, diary, web enabled (either through WAP or HTML), SMS capable, etc.  PDAs use QWERTY keyboards or other.

The times of day and days of the week, when communications traffic is expected to be high, when compared with other times.

Rates applied during Peak Periods.  Normal rate plan pricing from Service Providers.  Peak rates are only implicitly referred to through the use of terms such as Off Peak and Economy rates.

Pensioners often receive lower rates for their telecommunications services. Pensioners can include Centre link Pensioner Concession Card holders, Veterans' Affairs Pensioner Concession Card holders, war widows/war widowers, special rate disability pensioners, extreme rate disability pensioners, extreme disablement adjustment disability pensioners or increased rate disability pensioners.

Use of a system (often involving multiplexers) which use less copper pairs than other systems to create the same telecommunications capacity.  For instance, some pair gain systems are capable of delivering 45 phone lines over one copper pair - in theory, there is a gain of 44 pairs available for other use.  Pair gain systems are extremely useful where buildings have no more available copper lines.

Typically this is a prepaid charge card, which allows calls to be made from most Landline services.  Also called a Calling Card.  Distinct from a TeleCard, which is not prepaid and will be billed back to the selected fixed service account.

The agreed service provided to a mobile or landline subscriber. Includes call rates, monthly access fees, included calls and special offers.

Numeric code (sometimes alphanumeric) used for identity verification purposes.  (Alphanumeric codes are usually used for passwords.)

Utility for testing if a particular network destination is available on a network connection.  It sends an ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) echo request and waits for a response.  PING tests are commonly used to debug network connections.  (A convenient analogy is from submarine use; where a submarine might send a sonar pulse (a ping) towards a target and wait for an echo.  A sonar echo provides targeting information.)

Amalgamating the terms Pictures (PIX) and Element (EL).  Images and video may be digitised and the smallest element is called a Pixel.  Image resolution is defined as Pixels per inch.

The agreed service provided to a mobile or landline subscriber. Includes call rates, monthly access fees, included calls and special offers.

Defined by billing method, Plan Types is a common usage term.  Plans may be Prepaid or Post-paid.  Prepaid mobile phone plans typically are casual plans, with higher rates and credit must be paid up-front.  Buying of mobile usage credit can be done with credit card or cash: online, in shops or over the phone.  Post-paid mobile accounts are typically mobile phone accounts under contract, with lower rates and are paid on invoicing of usage.  Post-paid plans may be paid by direct debit, credit card or 'on account'.

Incoming call alert (also used for incoming SMS and email alerts) polyphonic ringtones produce a more 'natural' sound than their predecessor monophonic ringtones.  Polyphonic ringtones (often use MIDI files to) produce up to 24 simultaneous notes.  This blending of notes creates a more natural sound.

Landlines:  Location where a carrier provides connection into a local exchange.  Often in use in Australia, where Telstra commonly provides the Last Mile connection (from the premises to the exchange) but another provider carries the communications from the local exchange.  Internet Connection:  Location where a carrier provides connection into a local exchange.  A PoP for dial-up internet is described as a connection which is available within a local call area.  (See also MegaPoPs.)  For broadband, a PoP is defined as a network node, which is available in the local exchange.

Email term to denote the protocol for the retrieval of email from a server.  POP3 denotes POP version three.  See also IMAP - another email retrieval protocol.

A mobile handset accessory that has an earpiece (much like the earpiece on a walkman) which allows you to use your phone without having to hold it up close to your ear. See also hands-free car kit.

Post-paid mobile phone contracts are typically mobile phone accounts under contract, with lower rates than their prepaid counterparts, and are paid on invoicing of usage.  Post-paid plans may be paid by direct debit, credit card or 'on account'.  On account means payment is not automated, but rather is invoiced for payment.

Early protocol for creation of VPNs (Virtual Private Networks).  Flawed security.  Extended by introduction of L2TP, which incorporated Microsoft's PPTP and Cisco's L2FA technology.

A mobile handset feature which selects the possible words from the combination of keystrokes used.  Alternatives may then be picked until the correct word is found.  Example:  When typing EARN, the keystrokes would be 3276, and the suggested word for those keystrokes may be FARM, then by scrolling through alternative words which use those keystrokes EARN can be selected.  Most words are automatically suggested correctly the first time, which dramatically decreases the time needed to type a text message.

Prepaid mobile phone plans typically are casual plans, with higher rates and credit must be paid up-front.  Buying of mobile usage credit can be done with credit card or cash: online, in shops or over the phone.  (Technically, Prepaid is a contract.  It is merely a rolling contract per month and the only penalty for leaving early might be the loss of remaining credits.)  See also Post-paid Mobile Contracts.

The routing of domestic long distance calls, calls to mobiles and international calls through a default (preselected) service provider.  Alternate providers may be selected on a call-by-call basis, through use of override codes.  Often a customer will nominate their preselected service provider to also bill their local calls and service charges, called Rebilling.

Also called ISDN10/20/30, this is a conversion of a single copper pair (ordinary telephone line) into thirty 64 kbps 'B' channels which may be used for voice or data.  There is an additional 64kbps 'D' data signal channel created also.

Service specification designed to ensure that persons diagnosed with life-threatening medical conditions, who depend on a reliable home telephone service, are able to call for assistance when needed.  The timeframes for connecting a service or repairing a fault for a priority assistance customer is 24 hours in urban and rural areas and 48 hours in remote areas.  Telstra, AAPT and BusinessPhoneAustralia offer priority assistance services.

Network which is not accessible to unauthorised persons.  An example of a private network is a company intranet, where users may access external networks (including the internet) but external users cannot access the company's intranet.

The rules which define communications formats.  Without proper formatting, communications between computer systems would be meaningless.

Providing a telecommunications service to a customer upon request.  Provisioning includes ordering, authorisation and implementation.

Server placed between a 'client' and a web server and represents itself to each end as being the other.  It can be used in two ways.  For the web server it can cache frequently accessed pages to reduce the web-server's traffic.  For security of the LAN clients it can present a single IP address to the Internet and prevent direct access to the rest of the LAN.  [MicroUK]

Traditional switched telephone system using copper lines.  PSTN services are used worldwide.  Twisted pairs of copper telephone lines are connected from the customer premises to the local exchange.  (These are also called local loops.)  At the exchange the communications are electronically switched, in accordance with their destination.  The network of these physical and switched connections are collectively called the Public Switched Telephone Network.

Also called Payphones, they are publicly available telephones which accept coins, debit cards or credit cards, and can be used for calling domestically and internationally.  Call rates are high, compared to other telephones.

Also called a Pin Unblocking Key.  An 8-10 digit code used to unblock a SIM card which has been blocked.  Service providers retain records of PUK codes.

The conversion of keystrokes on the handset into discrete pulses which represent dialled numbers.  The direct current is interrupted for a certain number of intervals in accordance with the dialled number.  This allows the carrier's switching centre to connect the call to the chosen number.  Pulse dialling has been superseded by tone dialling for efficiency reasons.

A fad technology, now passed in Australia.  Allowed a users handset to be used as a 2-way radio with other compatible handsets.  Talking was half-duplex: listening or talking, not both.  (Mobiles and telephones are full-duplex: allowing talking and listening.)  Superseded technology due to the availability of free intra account calling and free OnNet calling.

The service quality of a carrier's network, including fault rates, connection times and call centre response times.

Generally, QoS in VoIP refers to the quality of a call connection, when compared to a traditional service.  Qos is also a feature of modems and routers which enables IP traffic to be prioritised.  Voice IP traffic is prioritised above all else, to reduce delays in the voice signals.  A QoS router will greatly increase the quality of VoIP calls through an internal network.  See VoIP also.

An english language keyboard (QWERTY are the first 6 letters on an english language keyboard). PDAs and other compact electronic devices often advertise whether they have a QWERTY keypad (QWERTY keyboard) as a feature, or use another type.

Discontinued upgrade project for remote radio communications systems used in place of the standard telephone system.  Ended approx. 2004.

A telephone service provider takes over the collection and billing of services which they do not own or lease.  Landlines:  Where the service provider does not own or maintain the connection to the premises, rebill items are typically phone line rental and local call costs.  Billable items, where the service may be typically owned or leased are: STD calls (long distance calls, NDD calls), Calls to Mobiles, and International Calls.  Mobiles:  Where the service provider is not a mobile carrier, rebill items are all charges which are not usage charges.

STD call (also called NDD - National Direct Dialled), which is not an intercapital call.  Regional call rates and intercapital call rates have been phased out of common use, in favour of a single rate for any STD call.

One-way satellite broadband download link with an ISDN2 landline upload link.  Capacities of upload speeds are being superseded by use of two-way satellite broadband.

Former government program aimed at providing greater access to affordable mobile telecommunications in areas without terrestrial services.  Begun in 2001, ended 2004 or earlier.

A residential premises typically has only two phone lines installed.  More phone lines may be installed at the cost of the customer.

Interference to a radio communications signal.  This interference (noise) may be caused by ambient radio-frequency EMR (Electromagnetic Radiation) or by other electrical devices producing electromagnetic radiation in the radio frequency range.  Also called RF Noise.

Pair Gain device, which allows multiple lines to be multiplexed and delivered back into another (often larger) exchange.  Commonly used to provision telephone services where the existing lines are inadequate due to demand.

Also called a Ringback Tone.  Tone which denotes that the call has reached its destination and is ringing.  Some mobile phone service providers have introduced a service where users can customise their ringing tone.  Not to be confused with a Ringtone, below.

Sound alert to signal an incoming alert or message.  See also Monophonic Ringtones and Polyphonic Ringtones.  Not to be confused with a Ringing Tone, above.

Connection of a mobile phone to an alternate network, while out of range from the preselected network.  Roaming applies both domestically (eg. Vodafone mobiles roaming onto the Telstra network in selected country areas) and Internationally (eg. Telstra mobiles being used in London).  Roaming charges are subject to agreements between carriers, and International Roaming charges are typically very high.

The agreement between two wireless carriers.  The agreement defines roaming service capabilities and the charging structure for roaming service.

Device which directs data packet transfers along its available network paths.  It examines the destination of a data packet and determines the most appropriate network point to which a data packet should be sent next.  Determination of the best routing path is aided by network information received and stored by the router.  A router may be a hardware or software (less common) device.

Former inquiry and report, finished in November 2002, which assessed telecommunications services in regional, rural and remote Australia.

Stands for Specific Absorption Rates. It is a measure of the amount of radio frequency energy absorbed per kilogram of body tissue. In Australia the maximum SAR for a mobile phone is 1.6. This information will be printed on mobile handsets, manuals and brochures and will also be available from the Manufacturers website.

Communications platform in orbit around the earth.  These satellites send and receive communications signals.  Satellites are very useful for their enormous coverage capabilities.  There are three types, found at various heights above the earth:  LEO (Low Earth Orbit, MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) and GEO (Geosynchronous Earth Orbit).

Internet connection using a satellite communications link.  Two-way satellite broadband uses a satellite download link and upload link.  One-way satellite broadband uses a satellite download link and a landline upload link (usually an ISDN2).   Satellite broadband setup charges and running costs were subsidised in regional and rural areas through the HiBIS scheme, and are now subsidised using the Broadband Connect scheme. wait for 5 min

Mobile phones which operate from satellites rather than land-based base stations.  Coverage in remote areas is the primary use of these services, since usage costs are typically considered expensive.  Also called Sat Phones.  Sat Phones are often kept for emergency use in remote areas.

Also called Symmetric DSL.  Download and upload speeds match, unlike ADSL.  Operation is over a single copper pair, like ADSL, unlike HDSL.  Traditional voice communications are unavailable, unlike ADSL, but SDSL is becoming popular for VoIP communications.

Computer hardware and software combined to 'serve' information requests to its clients (PCs).  Information might be data, files, emails, webpages, or other network services from client computers.

The physical address where the services are connected.  A Billing Address may differ from the service address.

Monthly charge from a provider for provision of service.  Call charges are additional to this charge.  See also Access Fee.

The contract between a mobile service provider and customer.  The 'service' being supplied is connection and access to a telecommunications network.  The service plan should describe all rates, charges and fees.

A company which provides telecommunications connection and service to a customer.  The telecommunications service provider may be the actual carrier or a reseller of those services.

Prescribed terms and conditions which accompany a telecommunications service offer.  Contains details of the service provider's required conduct and a customer's rights and obligations.  Each service provider must register their SFOAs with the ACMA.

A SmartCard used (for mobile phones) to hold GSM encrypted security information and user information.  The card holds the user's phone number, PIN number, some or all phonebook contents and SMSs.

Switching telecommunications service provider without the customer's knowledge or permission.  This action is reversible and has been largely curtailed in Australia.

A government-run distribution portal for 1800, 13 or 1300 numbers.  Often a smart number spells a mnemonic word.  (eg. 1800-746-637 spells 1800-PHONES).  Here are some websites which allow conversions of numbers into possible words:

Telstra product which enables landlines to have up to three distinct ringtones.  By nominating up to 15 numbers per ring tone, customers can know which group a caller belongs to.

Communication of alphanumeric text messages from one mobile handset to another.  (PC-to-SMS and email-to-SMS services are also available.)

TCP/IP based protocol used to transfer e-mail messages over the internet.  Often messages are finally retrieved from an email server using either POP or IMAP, because SMTP is not efficient at queuing emails.

or Build-in Handsfree. Allows the phone to be used at a short distance, without the phone being held next to the face.

Feature of a handset which dials a preprogrammed number automatically.  Some handsets activate speed dial by use of a unique button on the handset, others use the prolonged holding of a button as their speed dial activation.  Speed dialling is most often used for calling frequently used numbers.  Emergency numbers may also be useful.

Telecommunications technique which segments a signal, sends the components over multiple frequencies, and then re-assembles the signal at the destination.  Allows for higher data transmission rates and increased security capabilities.

The STD zone defined by a group of telephone numbers, for call charging purposes, that are not in an extended charging zone

Rental charge for the provision of a handset.  This is usually $2.95 per month.  Higher rentals are often charged for a handset which is CND enabled (eg. with a digital display).

Often used when describing mobile handsets and cordless handsets.  This is the time a handset battery can maintain a standby status - without active use (making and receiving calls, accessing phonebooks, etc.).

Super Twisted Nematic. A type of LCD display technology. STN uses less power and is less costly than TFT technology, but at the expense of image quality and response time.

Method of encoding and sending data such that it can be processed as a continuous stream.  Streaming is used especially over the internet, where audio and video files may be played without the need to download the file fully first.  Instead, the download can proceed while the file is being viewed.

The copper lines between a customer premises and the local exchange.  A Subscriber Loop describes the same.  These lines are also called 'twisted copper pairs' and can be thought of as a copper 'loop' - one line to the premises and another line back to the exchange.  Other names are PSTN line, telephone line, copper pair, standard telephone service line, POTS, etc.

Selects communication channels between users.  Switches are faster than Routers (which are more autonomous).  Electronic switches are used in telephone exchanges - hence the term PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network).

Supplied by the owner, or operator, of the subscriber line from a premises to the exchange where the call can be 'switched' to another service provider's network.

A dedicated phone connection supporting data rates of 1.544Mbits per second; consisting of 24 channels, operating at 64Kbits per second.  Each channel can carry voice or data traffic.

Often used when describing mobile handsets and cordless handsets.  This is the time a handset battery can maintain an active status (making and receiving calls, accessing phonebooks, etc.).

IP controls the data, TCP organises the transmission of the data and its assembly at the destination.  Together TCP/IP control the movement of data across the internet.

Splitting of customers' communications into varied frequencies and into different timeslots.  Multiplexing of multiple signals onto a single channel on a single frequency.  Used for GSM and some CDMA technologies.

Amalgamating the terms: TELephone and COmpany, a Telco is a telecommunications service provider or wholesaler.  To operate in Australia, a telecommunications company must be registered with the TIO as a telecommunications provider.  As of 2007, there are over 300 registered telephony providers and 800 ISPs.

A TeleCard allows the user to make calls from most telephone services and have the charges for the call billed to their nominated telephone account.

Phone call where three or more parties are connected by a audio telecommunications link.  Also called Conference Calls.  (Videoconferencing is sometimes called teleconferencing, but is defined separately here for clarity.)

Fee applicable when a party to a contract terminates that contract.  Generally this is the outstanding minimum amount agreed to in the contract.  Usually this means the minimum monthly commitment multiplied by the remaining months, but sometimes an additional fee is nominated in the contract also.  Also called a cancellation fee or a contract cancellation fee.

Routing of incoming calls to selected destinations based on the current time of day.  Most often used by call centres to direct call traffic according to economic reasoning.

Independent body for complaint resolution and arbitration from customers of telecommunications service providers.  The TIO also manages complaints relating to some ACIF Codes.

Independent regulatory body which applies a Code of Practice to 190 premium rate service numbers and the industry surrounding them.  See their website:  www.TISSC.com.au for more information.  Or call the complaints hotline on:  1300 139 955.

Charges beyond any Flagfall, connection fee or minimum call charges.  These are usually per minute charges, billed in 1 second increments.  The Toll is the charge applied according to the duration of the call.  See also Toll-Free.

Local charging zone.  Calls are toll-free because they have no charge in accordance with the duration of the call.  See also, Toll Calling Charges, above.

13, 1300 and 1800 services.  They are defined as toll-free because the caller is not charged dependent on the duration of the call.  13 and 1300 numbers do attract a Flagfall charge, but no toll.  1800 numbers do not attract any charges and are sometimes called Freecall Numbers.

Also called DTMF (Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency), is the conversion of keystrokes on the handset into discrete tones; one tone for each number dialled.  This allows the carrier's switching centre to connect the call to the chosen number.  DTMF can also be used to interact with telephone systems such as telephone banking.  Tone dialling has superseded Pulse dialling because it is more efficient and user friendly.

Minimum cost of a contract.  Minimum monthly commitment multiplied by the remaining months.  This amount does not include any additional penalties which may arise from early termination of the contract.  See also Early Termination Fees.

Transformation of a digital signal into another digital signal, without converting to analog.

Digging a narrow trench from the street (or pit) to a premises, to allow placement of phone lines or optic fibre.  If a customer (especially a customer using residential premises) needs more phone lines into their premises, they may be asked to pay the costs of trenching.  Notes:  The customer also takes on the responsibility of informing the Telco when the trench is ready to accept the new lines, and the customer may take on the responsibility of backfilling the trench after placement of the new phone lines.  It is important to note that the company who provides the trenching service is not affiliated with the telecommunications carrier, and that the customer is responsible for coordination between the two.

Typical term for STD calling.  The term trunk is used here to denote that the call has gone over a long distance line (between exchanges) before being terminated.

The main connections between exchanges.  Previous usage was intended to denote connections between exchanges which are located a long way apart - giving rise to the term STD, which denotes a long distance call.

Equipment used for communication with people who are deaf or who have a hearing, speech or communication impairment.  A device, which attaches to a telephone handset, allowing deaf people to communicate by typing messages to each other.  Also called a TDD.

Twisted copper pairs (or Copper Pairs) are the physical connections of PSTN lines, between premises and exchange.  Subsequent to this, ISDN2 (BRI), ISDN 10/20/30 (PRI) and ULLs all use a single copper pair for transport of signal.  Also called a Subscriber Line or Local Loop.

A dedicated copper pair from the MDF at the customer's premises to a MUX, or similar, in the local exchange.

A call to a 'local' number (by definition, contained within the same area code or billing area), which is charged at a flat rate.  Calls over the PSTN network are untimed local calls.  (The introduction of ISDN services by Telstra allows for charging of local calls on those services.)

A UPS is used as a backup supply of AC voltage.  These discretionary supplies are most often used only for essential services.  (DC battery supplies are commonly used in telephone systems.)

The obligation under the Telecommunications Act 1999 to ensure that standard telephone services, payphones and prescribed carriage services are reasonably accessible to all Australians on an equitable basis, wherever they reside or carry on business.

A carrier or Carriage Service Provider responsible for fulfilling the Universal Service Obligation (USO).

A mobile phone battery, which has vibrating capability. Available as an accessory for phones which do not have vibrating capability built-in.

Telecommunications where three or more parties are connected by a video telecommunications link. Also called a Video Conference.  (Videoconferencing is sometimes called teleconferencing, but is defined separately here for clarity.)

Provision of voice communications over a DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) connection.  Sometimes referred to as 'Direct Connection' to a service provider's network, via use of a ULL.  Typically this connection can also supply a high-speed internet connection simultaneously.

The ability of a handset to dial a number and answer a call according to voice commands.

A recorded message service where callers may be diverted.  The caller is charged as though they are connected to the number called.  For mobile services, the called party may also be charged.  (See also Message Bank.)  For landlines, voice mail may be provided by the service provider as a virtual service, through a PABX voicemail facility, or through an answering machine.  For mobiles, voicemail is applied by the service provider or the carrier.

Part of the voicemail system where a users messages are kept and managed.  This may refer to a PABX voicemail system or to a mobile phone's voicemail facility.

Is the transmission of telephone calls over a data connection.  Often perceived as voice-over-internet, several types of 'managed' VoIP exist.  Internet Calling is therefore a mere subset of VoIP.  VoIP over internet often has severe limiting quality issues, due mainly to packet delays and packet losses.  The quality issues can be decreased by use of an appropriate internet connection, use of a Qos Router, use of a quality VoIP service provider and use of appropriate hardware.  See QoS Router (Quality of Service) also.

A secure network connection between users of differing LANs.  A VPN may be constructed over private or public IP networks (such as the internet).  VPNs are becoming an essential tool for mobile employees, and for employees wishing to work from home.

Data network where the distance between units prohibits the use of a LAN (Local Area Network) solution.  WANs are high-speed, long-distance technologies to connect nodes of the network.

Set of protocols which enable mobile devices to access online content.  WAP will be extended and superseded by the introduction of 3G technology into the online content market space.

The 3G wireless communications standard which evolved from CDMA.  Also called UMTS.

The global network of servers on the internet, which allow access to html and other resources.  The web uses the http protocol.  Also called www and the World Wide Web.

A user interface for interaction on the web.  The web browser fetches html and other documents from web servers and displays them for the user.

A computer connected to the internet that stores webpages and other files.  These HTML documents and other files can be retrieved using a Web browser.

Specified as 802.11b by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), Wi-Fi is wireless technology for creating networks up to around 100m, at 2.4 GHz. Wi-Fi is used to create LANs without the physical connections.

Transmission medium which is not land-based.  Refers to the parts of the EMR spectrum which can be effectively used for telecommunications transmission.  RF, IR, FM, AM, UV and microwave are all used for telecommunications.

Company that provides mobile telecommunications services; either as a retailer or a wholesaler.  Also called mobile phone carriers, mobile carriers and mobile network providers.

Data encryption specification for Wi-Fi networks.  Higher security than WEP.  It improves on WEP by using dynamic keys, EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) to secure network access, and an encryption method called Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP).

Information and communication network using the Internet to access hypertext documents.  Hypertext documents (often webpages) contain text, images, video and other hypertext items.

Collective name for the various classes of digital subscriber lines.  ADSL, SDSL and SHDSL (and the outmoded HDSL) are collectively referred to as xDSL products.  See DSL.

Emergency services phone number.  To be used for situations which are life threatening or there is imminent risk to either property or the environment.  "000" (triple zero) is the free 24-hour service hotline for Fire, Police or Ambulance services.

The prefixed numbers used by some ISPs to enable dial-up users to connect from almost anywhere in Australia for the cost of a local call.

Emergency services phone number.  People who use the teletypewriter (TTY) or a computer with modem to access the telecommunications network can now access Fire, Police or Ambulance via the National Relay Service on "106".  This service is not available to people who do not rely on text-based communication.

Alternative emergency services phone number.  GSM users may dial "112" to reach the Police, Fire and Ambulance emergency services.  CDMA users must dial "000" for emergency services.

Toll-free number.  The caller pays a connection charge but no toll costs.  The owner incurs toll costs (plus any other connection fees).  13 numbers are nationally owned, incur monthly charges of around $1000 per month (plus any rule-programming fees), and must have at least one answer point (the number where the 13 number calls will be answered).  The answer point(s) may be changed or have rules applied.  Basic rules are:  day of week routing, time of day routing, call diversion, and other simple routing.  Complex rules may also be applied:  postcode routing, exchange routing, moli routing, splaying, call screening, security pin, and CVR (Customised Voice Response) services.  Pricing example:  When the owner of a 13 number service receives a call, they might be charged: free for the first 15 minutes and $0.08 per minute thereafter if the call is of local origin; or $0.12 per minute if the call is of STD/NDD origin; or $0.16 if the call is of mobile origin.  The person calling a 13 number does not incur any costs other than a flat connection fee (usually $0.35).

Toll-free number.  The caller pays a connection charge but no toll costs.  The owner incurs toll costs (plus any other connection fees).  1300 numbers are nationally owned, incur monthly charges of around $25 per month (plus any rule-programming fees), and must have at least one answer point (the number where the 1300 number calls will be answered).  The answer point(s) may be changed or have rules applied.  Basic rules are:  day of week routing, time of day routing, call diversion, and other simple routing.  Complex rules may also be applied:  postcode routing, exchange routing, moli routing, splaying, call screening, security pin, and CVR (Customised Voice Response) services.  Pricing example:  When the owner of a 1300 number service receives a call, they might be charged: free for the first 15 minutes and $0.08 per minute thereafter if the call is of local origin; or $0.12 per minute if the call is of STD/NDD origin; or $0.16 if the call is of mobile origin.  The person calling a 1300 number does not incur any costs other than a flat connection fee (usually $0.35).

Toll-free number, often called a Freecall Number.  The caller pays no connection or toll costs.  The owner incurs connection and toll costs.  1800 numbers are nationally owned, incur monthly charges of around $25 per month (plus any rule-programming fees), and must have at least one answer point (the number where the 1800 number calls will be answered).  The answer point(s) may be changed or have rules applied.  Basic rules are:  day of week routing, time of day routing, call diversion, and other simple routing.  Complex rules may also be applied:  postcode routing, exchange routing, moli routing, splaying, call screening, security pin, and CVR (Customised Voice Response) services.  Pricing example:  When the owner of a 1800 number service receives a call, they might be charged: $0.30 for the first 10 minutes and $0.08 per minute thereafter if the call is of local origin; or $0.12 per minute if the call is of STD/NDD origin; or $0.16 if the call is of mobile origin.  The person calling a 13 number does not incur any costs other than a flat connection fee (usually $0.35).

Working on the Analog Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) network (in Australia), 1G mobile phones were (generally speaking) capable of making and receiving voice calls only.

The introduction of digital encoding denotes the beginning of 2G mobile networks.  Security and capacity both increased remarkably.  2G mobile phones can carry voice calls and some data messaging.  Existing narrowband digital mobile phone systems providing voice and limited data messaging.

The expansion of the existing 2G network to incorporate packet switching (see GPRS) and enhanced data transfer rates.  Voice, simple data and some multimedia data (eg. MMS).

3 Mobile, or Hutchison 3, is a mobile phone service provider (and carrier) offering a 3G (WCDMA) service.  3 has an agreement with Telstra which allows 3 mobile phones to roam onto the Telstra GSM network outside the 3G coverage areas.  Conversely, Telstra 3G phones can use the 3G network in 3G coverage areas.  Hutchison Whampoa is the parent company of 3.  (Orange was a former brand name of Hutchison Whampoa; now discontinued.)

The introduction of significantly higher data transfer rates.  3G has been introduced to progress the use of video, general-use applications and internet access to mobile devices.  Voice will again be slightly enhanced, simple messaging will be available, multimedia messaging is available, and now video calls, video streaming, computing applications and internet access will at last become available.

Currently 4G is an unrealised goal.  In simple terms, it will be the carriage and delivery of high speed IP traffic across both Mobile networks and Wi-Fi networks.  The result will be broadband speeds between all connected devices which will allow PC and mobile technologies and applications to converge.